Essay on Cultural Competence and Intercultural Communication

When individuals or groups from different cultures communicate, this process is called intercultural communication. The transaction process of listening and responding to people from different cultural backgrounds can be challenging. The greater the difference in culture between two people, the greater the potential of misunderstanding and mistrust. Misunderstanding and miscommunication occur between people from different cultures because of different coding rules and cultural norms, which play a major role in shaping the patterns of interaction (Jandt, 2012). When one encounters a culture that has little in common with own, one may experience culture shock. This is a sense of confusion, anxiety, stress and loss one may†¦show more content†¦Identifying the nursing problems and the skills to be developed in a culturally competent nursing practice is the foundation for culturally competent care. Many cultural norms may influence patients’ beh avior and appearance. Culturally competent nurses need to understand, accept, and respect differences in lifestyle, beliefs, and customs, in order to establish a trusting relationship with patients. As a health-care provider, it is essential that appropriate cultural competency questions are asked, in order to gain information regarding treatment recommendations that that the patient will accept. Some elements that the health-care provider should keep in mind are: cultural, religious, spiritual, or lifestyle, beliefs that may impact the kind of health care the patient wants to receive. Moreover, it is imperative to document these preferences to allow other caregivers to honor them as part of the continuity of cultural appropriateness within the care team (Smedley, Stith, Nelson, 2003). Ethical issues are part of nursing practice. It has been demonstrated that using a support for ethical decision-making by the Code of Ethics enabled the caregiver to advocate for patients. Ope n mindedness, and the persistent desire to learn more are essential features of a culturally competent practice in nursingShow MoreRelatedIntercultural Competence : Understanding The Values Of People, Cultures, And Lifestyles1682 Words   |  7 PagesIntercultural Competence are abilities to adeptly navigate complex environments marked by a growing diversity of people, cultures, and lifestyles, which, in other terms, means abilities to perform effectively and properly when interacting with others that are culturally different than them. (Fantini Tirmizi, 2006). When given the relevance for social and political life, the scope of intercultural competence aims to free people from their own logic in order to engage with others and listen to theirRead MoreIntercultural Mediation in a Postmodern World1717 Words   |  7 PagesThis presentation will focus on mediation and the very notion of intercultural mediator in a postmodern world. Mediation is the process of intercultural transfor mation for all parties involved and also a learning resource in newly constructed spaces of social interactions. Mediation refers to an intercultural spatiality (the socially produced space (Lefebvre 1991), which is not static but constitutive of social relations (Rick, 1997). Here it is useful to adopt Lefebvre’s unitary theory of spaceRead MoreIntercultural Communication And Interpersonal Communication844 Words   |  4 PagesIntercultural communication is defined as when people communicate with one another who have different cultures. They may differ because of their languages, beliefs, values, and behavioral characteristics (Bennett, 1998). The intercultural communication plays a key role in globalization. It will help organizations to have a long-term success if they can manage the cultural differences and intercultural cooperation effectively to conflicts. Increasing shared knowledge and dealing with miscommunicationRead MoreIncreasing Intercultural Competence and Tole rance in Multicultural Schools by Lebedeva, Makarova, and Tatarko1176 Words   |  5 PagesIn their paper, â€Å"Increasing Intercultural Competence and Tolerance in Multicultural Schools: A Training Program and Its Effectiveness,† Lebedeva, Makarova, and Tatarko (2013) discuss the Training of Intercultural Competence and Tolerance (TICT) program that was developed as a measure for preventing interethnic conflicts that were prevalent in the North Caucasus Federal District of Russia. In the paper, the authors examine the motives for developing the training program, the structure of the programRead More The Anxiety/Uncertainty Management Theory Essay686 Words   |  3 PagesThe Anxiety/Uncertainty Management Theory According to William B. Gudykunst in his article A Model of Uncertainty Reduction in Intercultural Encounters, the uncertainty reduction theory explains initial interactions between two strangers from the same culture. Studies, however, suggest this theory can also be extended to interpersonal communication between two people from different cultures. Uncertainty refers to how well you can accurately predict how strangers will behave during theirRead MoreThe World As A Culture Being By Edward Hall839 Words   |  4 Pagesmeaning, the meaning of communication is dependent on it. However one would notice these contextualized differences in cultures only when two cultures meet and experience what can only be explained as culture shock; as in the example of the Japanese hotel operations (p. 62). Man as a culture being is contextualized from the day he is born to the day he dies as he is born into a culture and dies with a culture but there are situations at which man needs to let go of his cultural thinking and accept aRead MoreThe Importance Of Intercultural Communication830 Words   |  4 Pagesthat for a person to achieve better and more effective communication competence, it is necessary to develop skills that allow an appropriate participation in specific situations. The ability to listen, ask questions, and express concepts or ideas effectively is an important part of communication competence. Intercultural communication presents an unexplored and challenging field that needs to be understood for a better development in communication. (Dillon and McKenzie, 1998). The variables of listeningRead MoreInternational Student And International Students1305 Words   |  6 Pagesnot come from the same social norms and cultural backgrounds. With limited or low intercultural competence, American students, can sometimes have a hard time with cultures other than their own. Be that as it may, American students and international students can make leaps and bounds, both personally and professionally in the future. Intercultural communication has many positive benefits, but only if American students are willing to improve the communication barrier that can hold them from theirRead MoreEssay about American Exceptionalism and Cross-Cultural Communications1638 Words   |  7 Pagesstudy of American exceptionalism and c ross-cultural communications has the ability to improve U.S. military effectiveness in USPACOM. Understanding these two cultural principles will improve effectiveness in three ways. First, it allows USPACOM personnel to understand their biases. Second, it gives USPACOM personnel a perspective on how nations in their area of responsibility may potentially view their actions. Finally, cross-cultural communications provides tools for USPACOM personnel to overcomeRead MoreSummary Of Elizabeth Diazs I Am My Member 1505 Words   |  7 Pagesunderstand that is what is each and every culture is all about. I’m going to start off with a quote that is from Intercultural Communication Competence and Conflict Negotiation Strategies: Perceptions of Park Staff and Diverse Park Users â€Å"Fundamental differences in Philosophies, values, and social organization, coupled with widespread ignorance about cultural differences, make intercultural encounters prime candidates for colliding expectations.† What I’ll be discussing the culturally and ethnically

Race Is Important And Completely Meaningless - 910 Words

Race is vitally important and completely meaningless. Our society would ideally want to say that racism has decreased, and that we are more diverse and tolerant than we have ever been. Racism is less than it was fifty years ago. Both of these concepts are true, but at the same time race matters more than ever. If you strip away the flesh of the body, we would all look roughly the same. As humans we all have the same number of bones, we all bleed, we all feel pain, and we all have relatively the same brain. The ideal thought is that race is just skin deep. A white male should not be treated better than a black male. Both the black and the white guy have thoughts, feelings, and aspirations of greatness. It should not be assumed that the black male is more likely to end up being a thug, and that the white male will be a doctor. Both should be thought of as having equally likely chances of being considered a success in society. Both the white male, and the black male are human. If you lo oked at their skeleton, their brain, or their heart you could not tell the difference between the two. However, our society looks at race as if it is almost animal. Somehow black people are seen as a different animal, than a white person. In the early 60s the concept of affirmative action was being tossed around. By the 1980s affirmative action was common place. Affirmative action was put in place to ensure that someone was not over looked for an opportunity on the bases of their gender,Show MoreRelatedThe Stranger By Albert Camus1476 Words   |  6 Pagesafter the jury finds him guilty almost solely based on the fact that he was insensitive at his mother’s funeral. While in prison, Meursault has several epiphanies, that is, he has several moments when he feels a sudden sense of understanding about important aspects of his life that help him make peace with the fact that he will die soon. The epiphanies that Meursault reach parallel the epiphanies that I have reached during my lifetime in that we both realized that there are lives that exist independentlyRead More American Politics Essay examples1260 Words   |  6 Pagesintricate and intense, through the use of â€Å"pretentious diction† (516) and â€Å"meaningless words† (517). The quote says a lot about political writing when Orwell’s essay was written in 1946 and we are now in the year 2010 and â€Å"pretentious diction and meaningless words,† (516,517) as Orwell describes them, are still being used. Through careful analysis of recent important speeches, I have found that â€Å"pretentious diction and meaningless words† (Orwell) are still commonly used to mislead the public into believingRead MoreGang Members: A Truly Destructive Lifestyle1423 Words   |  6 Pagesidentity. 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Stereotypes, prejudice, ethnic chauvinism, and racism are prevalent concepts throughout the movie. Most of these concepts are displayedRead MoreRacial Discrimination Essay1170 Words   |  5 Pageshistory has ever been completely fair and equal as far as how you are treated based on your race, financial status, or even genders. The most controversial of these is race prejudices. However, as a whole, the human race has overcome a lot of the discrimination. The road to equality is not easy, but it does have to be taken. While studying racial discrimination, it is important to know the history of it, how and why it still goes on today, while still remem bering the two very important Supreme Court cases;Read MoreEvil Is Good Or Evil?1448 Words   |  6 Pagesvery important to understand if you want to be able to cope with the problems of evil. In the story of Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden, found in Genesis, we see that evil originated morally. God gave Adam and Eve a choice, to obey or disobey when he placed them in the Garden of Eden. When the serpent, Satan, tempted Adam and Eve to disobey God and eat the fruit from the forbidden tree, they gave in. When this happened, sin entered the world, which went on to affect the entire human race. The originRead MoreThe Loss Of Poverty In Reyna Grandes Across A Hundred Mountains1382 Words   |  6 PagesThe controversially disputed concept of an â€Å"open border† between two diverse worlds is the necessary solution in order to mend the herida abierta; however, whether it can completely heal the wound corresponds to how â€Å"deep† the wound is per say. Migrating from a n individual’s mother country mitigates the wounds of poverty; conversely, separation can also create a wound resulting from a loss of ethnic identity and culture throughout the generations. In Reyna Grandes novel, Across a Hundred MountainsRead MoreFunction of Education on Krishnamurti1555 Words   |  7 Pageswrong with society, so that they can change society.   That is completely true, but Krishnamurti doesn’t account for how students will learn to rebel, if their education is not oppressive. Jiddu Krishnamurti argues that the purpose of education should not just be to prepare people for a career, but to prepare people for life.   If people are not educated to understand the whole process of life; â€Å"the constant battle between groups, races and nations†¦ the subtle, hidden things of the mind-the enviesRead MoreThe Six Names Of Beauty1256 Words   |  6 Pagesshe had a love affair with Ares, Greek god of war, while Hephaestus was completely loyal to his wife and their marriage, making him the â€Å"beautiful† one, if only for a moment. However, it can also be said that because Aphrodite was in a passionate relationship with someone, even if it was not her husband, the passion and light in her eyes only made her more beautiful. Hephaestus was, however, able to experience life completely, including the experience of pain as he is cheated on, as he has been inRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Black Mirror 1342 Words   |  6 PagesBlack Mirror is a Netflix o riginal British science fiction television series that is macabre and uses science to show that it can be used to have control over people and their lives in the future. This show wonderfully incorporates race, gender, and sexuality as well as other topics such as ableism and classism. In this paper, four distinct episodes in the show that represented these themes were explored. We chose to focus on the episodes â€Å"Men Against Fire,† â€Å"Fifteen Million Merits,† â€Å"San Junipero

Japanese Foreign Policy and Economic Aggressions Free Essays

A major part of Japan†s history from the late Nineteenth Century up to 1914 was military aggression. During this period there were many economic, social and political pressures that facilitated military expansion. Japanese militarism manifested on the Asian mainland in wars, aggression and military presence on foreign soil. We will write a custom essay sample on Japanese Foreign Policy and Economic Aggressions or any similar topic only for you Order Now Japan†s foreign policy was influenced by it†s government, education, religion and social structure. Economic pressures facilitating military expansion up to 1914. Japan was a new consumer economy that had changed from feudal economy in a very short time period of forty years. This caused many problems and in the 1890†³s Japan was in a severe economic depression and Japan was importing far more than they were exporting. Japan found it difficult to break into established overseas markets where countries had been trading for much longer than Japan. And so Japan was under pressure to expand it†s borders for raw materials and new overseas markets to sell to. Japan also wanted recognition from the western powers as a valuable market. During this time period there was also social pressures for Japan to expand. The traditional Bushido, the fighting spirit of Japan enabled the military to expand, as opposed to if Japan were a more peaceful, pacifist country. A change in social structure meant that anyone could become part of the army from the old class of the Samurai warriors. In 1873 conscription was introduced mainly from peasants to serve three years, with the motto, â€Å"Enrich the country, strengthen the army†. Another social pressure to expand was increased urbanisation. By 1907, Tokyo and Osaka had waterworks and other public facilities, but before this and in many other cities they had no amenities like modern sewerage systems. There was also pollution, a problem encountered by every country during industrialisation especially prominent due to the cramped conditions of Japanese cities. Political pressures also helped Japan to expand up to 1914. There were many changes to the political system that moved it towards a more centralised and democratic system. This meant that there was national power, which led to nationalism within the people of Japan. Despite this nationalism there was widespread discontent within Japan with new land tax on the peasants and low wages for workers in the cities. The government saw expansion as a way to distract them from their problems and focus on wars abroad. Again Japan wanted international recognition as a power, the government saw examples of other strong countries expanding like Britain in India and France in Indo-China. Japan needed this recognition for bargaining power with the Western Powers. Japanese Militarism manifested on the Asian mainland in the Sino-Japanese War(1894-95). This war was over China†s and Japan†s interest in Korea, where both countries wanted to influence the government and prevent Western influence. China had claimed control over Korea for many years, but as it was in such close proximity and was rich in the raw materials of coal and iron, Japan was interested. Japan forced Korea to trade and declare itself independent of China, while China continued to financially assist conservative officials in connection with the royal family. After troubles in Korea both countries sent in troops, but war was avoided by the signing of the Li-Ito Convention(1885). But in 1894 both China and Japan sent forces into Korea on the request of the King due to a rebellion. After this Japan refused to remove troops from Korea and so war was declared on 1st of August 1894. Western countries were amazed at how easily Japan defeated China. China had a large and fairly modern navy, but it†s army lacked trained men and so they lost badly. China did not have the modern warfare methods of Japan which soon had total control over Korea. China agreed to pay a large indemnity to Japan and to give all the trading privileges to Japan. Japanese victory marked the emergence of Japan as a major world power and demonstrated the weakness of the Chinese Empire. Later though the victory was dampened by the Triple Intervention of France, Russia and Germany, which forced Japan to return the Liaotung Peninsula to China. In the Russo-Japanese War(1904-05) Japanese forces also manifested on the Asian mainland. War began on the 8th of February 1904 when Japanese Navy launched a surprise attack on a Russian naval base in Port Aurthur. Russia had huge numbers of manpower but the war 8000km from Moscow, linked by only one railway and lacked support of the Russian people. Meanwhile Japan was within easy distance of the battle and although they had few soldiers in comparison they were well led and supported. After a long battle at sea where both parties had suffered high casualties the war was ended by the American President, Roosevelt. Russia was forced to recognise Japan†s intense interests in Korea, transfer the lease of the Liaotung Peninsula to Japan and give Japan power over the railway between Port Arthur to Mukden. Japan was refused their request of indemnity from Russia but was not willing to fight another war for it. The Russo-Japanese War forced Russia to abandon its expansionist policy in the Far East and it was the first time that an Asian power had defeated a European power. In 1910, Japan formally established a protectorate over Korea. The Japanese government assisted foreign policy and was influenced by it. The government was backed by the army, which was important as no government could continue without it. In return the government introduced conscription and provided monetary support. With a successful foreign policy, the government grew more confident in dealings with other countries. The Anglo-Japanese Alliance(1902) was a definite confidence booster for the government. By it, Japan and Britain agreed that if two powers attacked either then the other must help. Education also assisted in and influenced by the success of Japan†s foreign policy. In Japan education became compulsory in 1872, and was centrally run. The Japanese education system glorified the Emperor, and the idea that the interests of the nation is more important than one†s own. Uniformity and nationalism were incorporated into the education system along with obedience to authority, all attributes associated with the armed forces. In turn the education system grew more militaristic and praised Japan†s successes in foreign policy. Religion also helped foster a successful foreign policy. Shinto co-existed peacefully with other religions in Japan until the late 1870†³s when the modernizing government suppressed other religions and adapted Shinto teachings for government propaganda in support of the military. The government stressed that Shinto was the best religion as it wasn†t a foreign religion, like Buddhism and Christianity and so was better for the Japanese. Shinto taught loyalty, respect and obedience to the Emperor. And so the Emperor†s decisions in relation to foreign policy was not questioned. Religion was successfully influenced by Japan†s foreign policy as it became even more obedient to the Emperor and in the land that Japan acquired through their foreign policy, Shinto was spread. Japan†s social structure also assisted foreign policy. Japan†s social structure was organised in such a way that they were not to question authority, and so the armed forces did not have to look for approval of their foreign policy. In Japan it was considered a privilege, not a duty, to fight for one†s country. The social structure was influenced in the way it looked up to the military and as Japan became a world power with annexes in Korea and Taiwan, it boosted confidence and nationalism within all classes of society. Japan was pressured in economic, social and political areas to expand it†s borders. Japan†s military manifested on the Asian mainland during the Sino-Japanese War(1894-95) and the Russo-Japanese War (1904-05). Nationalism and Militarism filtrated into every aspect of Japanese life, including government, education, religion and social structure. How to cite Japanese Foreign Policy and Economic Aggressions, Papers

The Fountain by Clint Mansell free essay sample

To say this soundtrack is a work of art simply does not do it justice. Clint Mansell, also famous for his work in Requiem for a Dream, truly excels in this soundtrack. The movie, focusing on a man reincarnated through several lifetimes, is symbolically rich and complex beyond what most people can comprehend (myself included). The master of music, however, uses a very simple rhythm to create a fitting score. From mellow to heart-wrenching to downright hardcore, the melody shows itself repeatedly throughout the score. The pieces finale, Death is the Road to Awe shines through on a level all its own, with amazing vocals and the greatest feel you can imagine. The soundtrack includes such saddening songs such as Together We Will Live Forever and Stay With Me while cranking the bass and giving you goosebumps in such masterpieces as Tree of Life and Finish It. If you have seen the movie, please listen to the soundtrack. We will write a custom essay sample on The Fountain by Clint Mansell or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page If you havent listen to it anyway. If you hate music or have no soul, listen to it anyway. You will not regret it. For Death truly is the Road to Amazement. My deepest respects, Mr. Mansell and may you live long to prosper.

AR 350-1 Army Training and Leader Development Essays

AR 350-1 Army Training and Leader Development Essays AR 350-1 Army Training and Leader Development Paper AR 350-1 Army Training and Leader Development Paper What is institutional training domain institutional training domain includes Army centers/schools that provideinitial training and subsequent functional and professional military education for Soldiers, military leaders, and Army Civilians. What is operational training domain operational domain encompasses training activities that unit leadersschedule, and individuals, units and organizations undertake. These activities include: progressive training conducted at homestation, regional collective training capability, regional training centers, and mobilization centers What is Self-development training domain 1.Structured self-development. Learning that continues throughout a career and that is closely linked to and synchronized with classroom and on-the-job learning.2.Guided self-development. Recommended but optional learning that will help keep personnel prepared forchanging technical, functional, and leadership responsibilities throughout their career.3.Personal self-development. Self-initiated learning where the individual defines the objective, pace and process,such as: pursuing college education, advanced degree programs, and so forth. What does (ADCON) stand for administrative control What is Leader development Leader development is the deliberate, continuous, sequential, and rogressive process, grounded in Army values,that grows Soldiers and Army Civilians into competent and confident leaders capable of decisive action What are the objectives of training standardization 1.Standardize procedures used by Soldiers and units to operate, maintain, and fight with major weapons and equipment systems.2.Identify tasks that should be performed in the same manner and to the same standard throughout the Army3.Reduce the effects of personnel turbulence.4.Ensure that modular organizations can operate effectively within any assigned formation DA Form 3349 Physical Profile DA Form 4187 Personnel Action DA Form 5500/5501 Body Fat Content Worksheet (Male/Female) DA Form 705 Army Physical Fitness Test Scorecard DA Form 1059 Service School Academic Evaluation Report

How to Write a Deductive Essay on Emma Larkin’s #8220;Finding George Orwell in Burma#8221;

How to Write a Deductive Essay on Emma Larkin’s #8220;Finding George Orwell in Burma#8221; Deductive essay writing is a form of essay writing which evaluates your knowledge of concepts. When writing such an essay, your piece must be based on the idea that a single concept in the form of a set of circumstances or a single concept in the form of different premises can be used from which to draw a reasonable assumption about what the current state of that situation is (for your deductive essay you can select a great topic by flicking trough the list based on â€Å"Finding Orwell in Burma† by E. Larkin). This is, essentially, a type of puzzle that has to be solved by the reader by giving them enough information. For Example: If your goal in the work is to show that the Burmese government committed human rights violations, you would want to take individual factors about the actions of the Burmese government and present them to the reader so that the reader can weigh each individual factor and their knowledge about each factor as an individual set of events or actions, then add the group of events or actions together, and from that, find a conclusion. The use of surveillance, torture, imprisonment, and death might be separate events or acts which the reader uses to conclude that the human rights violations took place. For a deductive essay there are three main components: 1) Premise The premise is the first component. It is a basic belief or a basic fact which you use as the foundation from which the reader will draw conclusions. You might present more than one premise in your argument. This is perfectly acceptable. You can get some facts from the suggested ones on â€Å"Finding Orwell in Burma† by E. Larkin. 2) Evidence The evidence you present functions as the second component. The evidence is what support you have for your premise. This can be a story you have analyzed, information that has been collected, or something that was observed. For Example: If your goal in the work is to show that the Burmese government committed human rights violations, you would want to use the observations presented in the book as your evidence. 3) Conclusion The conclusion is the third and final element contained in the essay. This is where you present your final analysis of the situation which you have presented. The final analysis has to be based on your different premises and the evidence you have collected. For Example: Premise: All horses are animals. Evidence: Mary Lou is a Horse. Conclusion: Mary Lou is an animal. Obviously this example is rudimentary, but it nonetheless offers great insight into the process and helps to simplify it for the sake of learning. Deductive reasoning is something founded on the most local deduction you can make with all of the pieces of evidence you have at your disposal. It must also focus on the most likely or the most reasonable outcome. Your conclusion may not be the only one, but it should be the most likely. Your essay should be clear and remain focused with each paragraph reserved for a particular point or aspect and its supporting details and examples. The more support you have in terms of evidence, the stronger your conclusion will be. The opposite is also true: if you have weak evidence your conclusion will be weak.

Argo - the Movie (DO not summarize the plot) Review

Argo - the (DO not summarize the plot) - Movie Review Example The movie Argo explores several themes relating to the foreign policy of America in other countries. These themes include the role of the CIA, Hollywood and the tensions in Iran (Brown n.p). The main predominant theme that runs throughout the movie is an attempt by Ben Affleck to present the America’s perspectives on the Iranian revolution. Most of the Iranians perceive films produced in foreign countries with a lot of negativity and resentment. Most of the films and media productions aired on the Iranian media attempt to explore the themes of cold war and psychologically induced warfare. Based on these themes, most of the films and movies produced by Americans are perceived by the Iranian’s as a lack of cultural heritage but rather an attempt by America to use art to spread their political propaganda. By pursuing a sympathetic theme in his movie, Ben Affleck simply reinforces the suspicions that Iranian’s have always harbored regarding the motive and intent of t he rescue mission (Brown n.p). Ben Affleck takes a revolutionary approach in directing the movie. He pursues the psychological warfare theme by exploring issues that have historical and political bearing. The movie begins with a scene in which the USA diplomats are condemning Mohhammad Reza Pahlavi. This calls for a critical review and analysis of the historical and political interest of the US in the Iranian revolution, especially through its foreign policy. In another scene, we witness the Americans bullying the Iranians in the US amidst the crisis. What the movie does is to present the Americans as authoritative and the Iranians as underdogs. It simply illustrates how the Americans employed their foreign policy to humiliate the immigrant Iranian’s on the US soil and even so to undermine them on their own Iranian soil. The movie Argo therefore manages to bring out the strained relationship between Iran and the US while portraying the Iranian’s as sympathetic victims of the US

To what extent was Nationalism in Africa and Asia in the Early Essay

To what extent was Nationalism in Africa and Asia in the Early Twentieth Century a Mass Movement - Essay Example We will try to focus on this question and try to give the answer to this question further on. The following path of nationalism can be traced: it expanded from the Middle East and started in west Asia and finally it reached North Africa. The main goal of Arab nationalism was to reduce the influence of the western states on their countries. Arabs united their ideas under a common concept "Pan-Arabism". Arab nationalism expanded into a mass movement though initially it was formed by a small number of individuals. We can claim that different regions experienced different complexities and challenges in the process of mass movements of nationalism. The author is focused on the Southern African urban history of Malawi. There was a serious impact of settler colonialism. As a result of Blantyre failure, this region was subjected to the external oppression caused in the process of industrialization. Different African colonies developed a proper reaction to the process of colonization. There a re numerous responses and different reactions to the processes of post-colonization period in the African colonies. Colonialism brought an end to the slavery in Europe. Certainly this great social and political change resulted in expansion of poor people who had a chance to change their lives. Colonialism brought peace to some African areas. ... Asians were oppressed in the region but later Africans were discriminated too. The Africans did not have an opportunity to purchase land. There was an essential decrease of wages and in some occupations there were lower levels of wages increase. During the period between the end of the Second World War and the transition of political power in I964, Blantyre's population increased greatly. Even in 1957 the city's inhabitants lived under conditions of a severe poverty. They could not even buy food for themselves. African businessmen were mainly focused on supporting their stable economic positions. There were two great events following the period of 1953-1962 years: the workers initiated their own movement and they tried to fight for their rights. It was a period of a social turmoil. Only regime of Dr. Banda signifies a progressive development of the region. Unfortunately, trade unions were too weak and people showed ineffective struggle for their independence. The workers in Blantyre had an opportunity to promote their interests after they were inspired by Dr Banda. Another study is devoted to Syria. Political movements, social and economic changes in the life of this country are taken into account by the author of the study. A great interest of the historians to this country has been shown starting from 1960s. As a rule, development of Syria has been considered in terms of a cultural context. There were dependent ties in Syria, such as vertical and parochial connections (McCracken). The author further claims: "Not until the management had backed down by agreeing to the appointment of a Tribunal of Inquiry did the strikers come together in a mass meeting as members of the union. And

Case Study 4 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Case Study 4 - Research Paper Example There is need to embrace analytics in the health care sectors with the intention of shunning medical experts’ diagnosis opinion without statistical learning approach. The predictive analytics is accurate, and has an arithmetical learning approach because one only needs to acquire knowledge on how to use the analytics (5th European & Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership Forum, 2010). Question 2 The predictive analytics plays a significant role in the provision of intelligent decision support that helps in lowering the healthcare treatment costs. Combination of effective DSS and smart analytics can help in preventing costly diagnostic errors because many sources of data can be processed and changed into meaningful information with time (Chih-Lin, Nick & David, 2000). This is especially vital in the current world where the demand for health care is higher than the supply. This means that the DSS helps improving the efficiency of health process. For examples, it helps in reducing test duplication and unfavorable events. ... Question 3 The DSS has played a vital part in the EuResit projects in various ways. First, the project deals with huge patient and therapist data. Besides, the DSS combined with predictive analytics has been helpful in the projects because they help in the faster data processing. This has helped is saving time consequently shortening the projects duration. Through this system, the medical experts could easily compare subjects’ data in the project. Additionally, DSS has been helpful in the projects since it has helped in reducing the project costs. Reduction of costs occurs due to the shortening of the data processing time. DSS is also used in the ViroLab in the projects to prevent the researchers from conducting the same tests twice (Michael, Kai, & Rema, 2007). The DSS has been valuable in determining the right combination of drugs in the projects. This is vital since it prevented the overdose of patients that could lead to drug resistance. The system did this by creating sta ndard datum. The use of the DSS has also been helpful in providing immediate feedback, and conducting diagnosis in the project. This has been supportive in preventing the medical errors that result from poor diagnosis that eventually leads to drug related toxicity. However, the DSS has enabled the researchers to create precise patient model that has been helpful in reducing the occurrence of the toxicity. Additionally, the prevention of toxicity has also been achievable in the projects because of the DSS’ ability to predict the response of patients to the treatments used in the project (Peter, Mark, Brent, Swarna, et al, 2001). Question 4 The EuResists might face resistance from both medical expert and patients. Many

Apples Ipad Promotional Strategy Marketing Essay

Apples Ipad Promotional Strategy Marketing Essay To survive in the global and competitive business environment, it is essential for a companys to conduct extensive research so that they can develop a strong brand image from the initial stage as it leads to greater financial benefits for the company. The marketing plan of Apples iPad is the topic where an effective marketing strategy is developed to ensure its success in the global competitive market where major plays such as Sony, Compaq and Dell have a significant impact upon Apples strategies. Apples latest ipad is the revolutionary product which is a portable mini device used as a pc anywhere with its wide range of options and innovative design. Apples marketing strategy will be focusing upon the product design, brand positioning, price and promotion of iPad in the global market. This will be linked to the research and analysis of the environmental forces and SWOT analysis to understand the companys position. Apples market strategy will be incorporated with the generic business strategy which is towards growth and maintaining a strong position in the market through its innovative products. Apple will use competitive marketing strategy for its iPad where two such strategies can be developed which are differentiation and Focus to make iPad a success in the global market. Marketing planning and strategies can become highly effective if Apple focuses upon its strategic human resource management and make continuous efforts to redesign its marketing plan to survive successfully. Company Description Apple Corporation is a highly successful organization that aims to advance in the technology field through its high quality and innovative products. The success of Apple is primarily based upon its innovation and dynamic technological advancement it takes to give its customers the ease and luxury to use its products. Apples latest product iPad is launched to compete with existing computers and tablet technology, as it is a portable high tech device for the usage of all needs of an individual whether personal or business use. Environmental Analysis/PEST Analysis This analysis will help in identifying the factors that affect the organizations ability to perform efficiently in the global markets. Political Forces: The political factors affect the organizations ability to operate efficiently in foreign markets. Therefore, Apples operations are affected by political conditions of developing countries in Asia where it is unable to meet its organizational targets successfully. The increasing suicide bomb rate and terrorism is another reason that limits the ability of Nestle to operate in some countries. Moreover, the changing legal requirements regarding the sales tax, import and export duties also affect Apple in terms of its rising costs and limitation to have access to a greater market. Economical Forces: Economical factors affect organizations ability to expand its business and achieve organizational objective of growth. The recent recession has slowed down economic activity and resulted in increase of prices of law materials, which have increase the costs and ultimately the prices of products. Apple faces low demand due to the big economies collapsing and going under stabilization phase, which has forced countries to boost their economy by discouraging imports and encouraging exports (Ball, McCulloch, Frantz Minor, 2006). Socio-Cultural Forces: In todays business enjoinment, people belonging to different backgrounds, experiences, values and cultures work together in multinational organizations with common objectives of gaining success in competitive global markets. Therefore, this creates a critical challenge for organizations to help employees develop positive and interpersonal relationships so that all people can work productively while respecting others culture and backgrounds. Apple has focused upon the cultural values of its employees as well as customers to achieve positive long-term relationships through maintaining an organizational culture which is highly flexible and culturally diverse. Technological Forces: Apple concentrates on the technological advancements of its work operations. The highly competitive and global business environment has forced organizations like Apple to become highly efficient through technology and internet revolution. Apple focuses upon innovation which can be achieved by meeting the new technological advancements and by being efficient in providing better quality and innovative products to its customers through advanced technology (Turban, 2004). SWOT Analysis The SWOT analysis assists organizations to identify the strengths and weaknesses of an organization which are internal and opportunities and threats which are external. This will help in understanding how Apple can utilize its strengths and opportunities and overcome its threats and weaknesses to survive in the global competitive market. Strengths: Apple is a successful organization and its iPod has a high market share in the global market due to its brand perception and image as s high quality innovative brand. Moreover, in the I.T industry, Apple holds a strong position by catering to the needs of the dynamic market with its extensive research and developments that enables it to satisfy its customers with highly innovative products. Apple has maintained its brand name in the global market and the customer loyalty is increasing at a high rate (Barnet Cavanagh, 2006). Weaknesses: Apple provides highly innovative products in the market but it is having issues with the quality of its products as recently the Apple iPad was reported to have a faulty screen and it had replace all those products. This is one major weakness of Apples products. Moreover, the company has a relatively weaker research and development system as compared to other major competitors and needs to put more emphasis on building strong reliable products as its brand name portrays (Borrington Stimpson, 2004). Opportunities: Apple has many opportunities for growth and expanding its range of products and services. It can develop iTunes and music player technology into cell phones and iPad devices. It can focus upon developing Podcasts for radio shows through internet and can enhance its iPad into more sophisticated and reliable device to be used by every individual. The I.T industry is full of rapid and dynamic changes and there is growing demand for innovative and technologically advanced products so for Apple, there are unlimited opportunities to avail for growth. Threats: The major threat for Apple and its products is the intense rivalry among competition in the technology industry. The competitive global environment has brought critical challenges for Apple to maintain a competitive and strong position in the global market. Moreover, Apples iPod and iPad are subjected to demand which can go down at any time due to saturation and substitutes in the market. Hence, to meet with changing trends and globalization, Apple requires extensive research and development to create a diversified range of products to be successful. Marketing Objectives The objective of Apples iPad device is to capture the market by creating awareness and persuading customers to use this device. Its emphasis will be entirely upon positioning iPad in the global market as a highly reliable device which is a need for every individual in todays busy hectic life. The marketing plan of Apples iPad should consist of two major objectives that help to achieve organizational success in todays global business environment. First of all, Apple focuses upon its customers through thorough market research and planning then the second step starts by integrating all organizations functions which are related to the marketing plan of the organization. After this, Apple becomes competent in planning and implementing its organizational core objectives to achieve positive results (Barnet Cavanagh, 2006). Marketing Strategy The marketing plan of Apple iPad is based upon extensive research and planning so that it can expand its operations worldwide where the marketing strategy aimed to promote the following key elements to strengthen its brand image. The major brand elements are the superior quality, friendly usability, design and reliability of the product. It can be promoted as a product that not only provides an ease to an individuals life but a reliable cost effective solution to all computer related problems. The following are the major components of the marketing mix that can help in understanding the product and how it is to be marketed in the global market. The marketing growth strategy of Apple mainly aims to provide superior quality and innovative products and services. This strategy helps in increasing customer loyalty and building a stronger position in the global competitive markets. Innovation is the success key of Apple. In todays highly competitive environment, developing innovative products is a major key towards achieving success. This requires extensive research and development by the businesses to be successful. Although, innovation has become a key towards success but it has high financial risk because the customers can dislike the new invention and it can go into waste (Gannon, 2009). Product Design: IPad is the new invention of Apple with extensive Research and Development. It is the latest technological device which is mini pc device equipped with high compatibility mode and ease of usage for users. It is a fully equipped device where a user can take pictures, watch movies, download large amount of data and send/receive emails, attachments and documents. It is designed for personal and business usage where a user can be highly digitized and connected to the world within seconds with no hassle. Ipad is the new revolution introduced by Apple to provide ultimate user friendliness and access to all technological advancements together in one mini device (Hall Jones, 2000). Brand Positioning: Initially, Apples iPad target market can be the professionals and businessmen who require portable easy accessible devise for their usage. And then, young customers comprising of students will be targeted through emphasizing upon its innovative and trendy design that provides unlimited options will start gaining popularity and acceptance in the global market then it can expand and broaden its market segments by satisfying a larger market segment by positioning iPad as a need for every individual. Promotion: Apples iPad promotional strategy will mainly focus upon word of mouth advertising and point of purchase strategy where consumers will be encouraged to discover and try out the product themselves. Apples latest iPad requires extensive marketing through television and other media sources to achieve high customer response. Television is an effective medium of advertisement ad Apples advertisement has given it more importance and this industry is flourishing through these innovative ads. Price: Apples iPad will be charged at a premium price from the start to show and prove that it is a superior quality and innovative device than any other available in the market. As it is an innovative product, it will be promoted in the market as a premium priced device that has value for the benefits it provides. This way the consumers will consider Apples iPad as a highly reliable and portable pc device that can make their life faster and efficient in terms of both work and entertainment which will lead to its brand image strengthening through this marketing strategy (Borrington Stimpson, 2004). Place: Apple has to focus upon building long term relationships with its suppliers, wholesalers, and retailers worldwide because this way its supply chain management can become highly efficient. As the economic activity has slowed down, it resulted in increase in the prices of oil, which has ultimately increased the costs of production for Apple and reducing its cost effectiveness. Also, the concept of E-commerce has greatly helped Nestle to automate its systems through E-shopping and E-supply chain management. Implementation Plan Now, we can develop an effective competitive marketing strategy where two such strategies can be developed which are differentiation and Focus to make iPad a success in the global market. Differentiation: Apples strategy of differentiation has its focus upon producing unique and innovative products for its customers which are not provided by other competitors in the global markets. The major success key of Apple is that it offers superior quality and innovative products and services to its users with prime emphasis upon innovation and design. Therefore, marketers must focus upon their advertisements that promote these five actors to influence consumer buying decisions. This will create a buzz in the market and gradually the image as a premium high tech pc device will strengthen all over the world which will contribute towards its brand equity. The spread of this innovation will be influenced mainly by its attractiveness, quality, price, promotion and durability. Customers make high involvement purchase decision for innovative products as it involves high risks. Moreover, Apple being the first one to enter the market with a highly innovative device will lead to its strong brand image b uilding in the competitive global market (Barnet Cavanagh, 2006). Focus: Apple can focus on more than one segments of the market and develop its brand image in these market segments for its latest iPad. The target segment for iPad will be the upper and higher middle-income group who want to improve their lifestyle with revolutionary gadgets. Through this strategy, Apple will be able to focus on its resources and plan towards a selected target segment for managing it effectively. To survive in global business environment is very challenging for iPad, therefore conducting thorough market research will help in achieving the core organizational objectives (Barnet Cavanagh, 2006). Evaluation and Control To meet with the intensified global competition, Apple requires extensive research and planning for its success in the future. The highly dynamic and uncertain global market brings serious challenges for Apples iPad to survive successfully. The major competitors of Apple such as Compaq, Sony and Dell Co have forced Apple to focus upon its brand equity in order to maintain its brand image worldwide. Apple can meet and control the challenges and obstacles arising in its way of growth through its long-term business strategy where effective marketing plan emphasizes upon innovation and building customer loyalty (Gannon, 2009). Firstly, focusing upon the Strategic human resource management, Apple can create a competitive advantage that is not imitable by its competitors. As Apple is known for its quality and innovation as the first energy drank, it has captured a very large customer base as compared to its competitors but to maintain this customer base or increase the number, it must focus upon developing sustainable competitive advantage through its human resource which ultimately leads to excellent customer relationships. Secondly, the 4 Ps of marketing also require changes and continuous improvements to survive in todays highly global business environment. The marketing campaigns can emphasis upon the design and reliability of the iPad in future to make the most reliable functioning device in the market. This will strengthen the brand equity as well as help in surviving successfully in the competitive global market. The positioning of Apple can be altered according to the market trends, the children and teenagers can be the target for iPad in future (Sana Shah, 2008).

The Neutrino - An Elusive Beast Essay -- Exploratory Essays Research P

The Neutrino - An Elusive Beast An infinite number of neutrinos shoot across the earth's surface every second, radiated by distant stars, and yet it has taken up until the mid 20th century for anyone to realize it. Finding neutrinos in your own backyard is easy. All you need is a ten-ton vat of pure water, 13000 photomultiplier tubes, and $11 million dollars in research funding. More on that later, but first, it would help to know a little more about what you're hunting. The neutrino is an elusive beast possessing neither mass nor charge. The only proof of its existence comes in measuring its recoil effect. In the cold heart of subatomic physics, beyond the protons and neutrons that until recently served as the basic building block of atoms, a wellspring of subnuclear particles have been discovered in recent years. This much-theorized-upon neutrino is one of these particles. Research has discovered three types of neutrinos: the electron neutrino, the tau neutrino, and the muon neutrino. An anti-neutrino particle has also been discovered. All are created as the result of particle decay. Neutrinos, born of decay, are given off as one particle deteriorates into a more stable state. Neutrinos are emitted in positron (another type of subnuclear particle) beta decay while the anti-neutrino is emitted from electron beta decay. As a pion decays into a muon, the muon neutrino emerges along side the muon. When a pion decays, a neutral particle must be emitted in the direction opposite that of the muon in order to conserve momentum. The original assumption was that this particle was the neutrino that conserves momentum in beta decay. In 1962, however, researchers proved that the neutrino accompanying pion decay is different. At t... ...r for the population at large-- make our teeth whiter and cereal flakes stay crunchy in milk -- or is this just science for science's own sake. What's the payback for looking for neutrinos? "Bah!" quips Super-K technician R.J. Wilkes, when asked if neutrino research is a big waste of time. He cites that the neutrino discoveries have opened new doors in astrophysics. Understanding neutrinos means a better understanding of nuclear reactions of stars, as in the explosion of SN1987A. Works Cited: "Detection of the Free Neutrino: A Confirmation", C.L. Cowan, Jr.,F. Reines, F.B. Harrison, H.W. Kruses and A.D. McGuire, Science 124, 103 (1956). "40 Years of Neutrino Physics", Frederick Reines, Progress of Particle and Nuclear Physics, Vol. 32, 1 (1994). Websites The University of Washington's Super Kariokande Info Page UC Irvine Physics Department

Why People Attend College Or University?

While some people prefer to find a job right away after graduation from school, others make a decision to continue their education at college or university. This way is not easy because it requires some sacrifices – financial and personal. But people choose this road in spite of high expenses and other obstacles. For many people, attending educational institutions such as college or university is a path to obtain knowledge, skills, and contacts for realizing (in order to realize) their professional dreams and ambitious.First of all, by taking courses or program at college, students gain strong knowledge in their fields of professional interest. They comprehensively study subjects including theories, laws, regulations, and practical exercises. Also, practically, all colleges and university organize workshops and seminars where recognized experts from particular field share their experience with participants. In addition, all students have an access to a wide range of learning r esources such as libraries, special internal databases, additional courses, experiential classes and much more.Beyond knowledge, students should learn several important skills which allow transferring well-built theoretical knowledge into the professional life. One of such skills is ability to present ideas clearly, and every college and university train students to make a presentation and speak on public. Another essential skill is ability to communicate with different people properly. That is why during educational process students have a lot of discussions and do several group projects. Besides, working together, students encounter some problems which take place in a real workplace and learn to solve them.Undoubtedly, one of the most significant reason for attending college or university is an opportunity to build professional network and get a job in the future. Because educational institutions organize many events with professionals and often offer a placement, students have a chance to demonstrate their abilities and get in touch with potential employer. This is the one sure way to find a job. Moreover, student who has already found a job might recommend his or her former classmate if his or her company needs to hire one more.Thus, contacts made at college or university help students to enter into the professional field. It might take a lot of time and efforts to become a professional and achieve career goals. However, college or university can make this road significantly easier and smoother. By getting a fundamental theoretical and practical basis, training communication skills, and establishing a professional network, future professionals obtain an excellent start which makes their dreams closer.

The Changing World of Women essays

The Changing World of Women essays As a daughter living in a strict environment and living in a traditional ways, things get a little rough. My father is center of the household, so basically everything he says goes. In the western world its usually the other way around, its usually both the parents that have a say in things. In my society(Muslim society) my mother has a say in nothing unless my father asks. My mother is an excellent mother but she mustnt say anything or it would be considered not being a good wife. As I get older I am always dreading the day I am asked to be married. I know times have changed but I have a major dilemma. Am I going to marry or continue my education? The problem is I like working with medicine and I want to further my education by going to college. But that requires a minimum of six years university attendance and if I want more degrees that another five years. Most of my medical friends that are females married and had children while they were studying in college. I dont want that to be me. I want to actually finish something I start. My father isnt exactly helping me with the situation. He hates the fact that I want to work. In his case, women are not supposed to work unnecessarily if their husbands can provide for them(or their fathers can provide for them if their not married), but in a place like Saudi Arabia where men and women dont mix at work, working just enhances the mind and makes one wiser to the ways of the world. In my mothers opinion, women become better companions to their husbands who should be more understanding and supportive. I feel that instead of being selfish, we can work out ways that help us be good mothers, wives and also continue with our needs of life. If education is one such need, then there are ways to acquire it without causing disturbance. I think my father needs to catch up with the rest of the ...

Biography of Robert Noyce, 1927 - 1990

Biography of Robert Noyce, 1927 - 1990 Robert Noyce is credited as being the co-inventor of the integrated circuit aka the microchip along with Jack Kilby. A computer industry pioneer, Robert Noyce was the co-founder of both the Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation (1957) and Intel (1968). It was at Fairchild Semiconductor, where he was the General Manager, that Robert Noyce invented the microchip for which he received patent #2,981,877. At Intel, Robert Noyce managed and oversaw the group of inventors that invented the revolutionary microprocessor. Robert Noyces Early Life Robert Noyce was born on December 12, 1927, in Burlington, Iowa. He died on June 3, 1990, in Austin, Texas. In 1949, Noyce received his B.A. from Grinnell College in Iowa. In 1953, he received his Ph.D. in physical electronics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Robert Noyce worked as a researcher for Philco Corporation until 1956, when Noyce started working for the Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory in Palo Alto, California, making transistors. In 1957, Robert Noyce co-founded the Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation. In 1968, Noyce co-founded the Intel Corporation with Gordon Moore. Honors Robert Noyce was the co-recipient of the Stuart Ballantine Medal from the Franklin Institute for his development of integrated circuits. In 1978, he was a co-recipient of the Cledo Brunetti Award for the integrated circuit. In 1978, he received the IEEE Medal of Honor. In his honor, the IEEE established the Robert N. Noyce Medal for exceptional contributions to the microelectronics industry. Other Inventions According to his IEEE biography, Robert Noyce holds 16 patents on semiconductor methods, devices, and structures, including applications of photoengraving to semiconductors, and diffused- junction isolation for ICs. He also holds the basic patent relating to metal interconnect schemes.

Use the first of the prompt 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Use the first of the prompt 1 - Essay Example Furthermore, the essay also intends to differentiate why or why not the liberal approach has made a difference in Rodriguez’s attitudes as compared to Delbanco. It was in this context that the thoughts of Rodriguez were emphasizing a much liberal form of education as compared to Delbanco. As Rodriguez (597) quoted – â€Å"The boy who first entered a classroom barely able to speak in English, twenty years later concluded his studies in the stately quiet of the reading room in the British Museum†. While on the other hand, Delbanco states - â€Å"The educational imperative is clear: A class should be small enough to permit every student to participate in the give-and-take of discussion under the guidance of an informed, skilled, and engaged teacher†. Again, presenting his views in â€Å"Achieving of Desire,† Rodriguez describes few major difficulties faced by students when balancing life in both academic and working class family stages. His critical emphasis was on learning the attitude of stereotypical students, assuming their relation with a particular working class, who are more likely to spend times in books and class notes rather than spending times with family members or friends. For instance, Rodriguez asserts that a stereotypical student, belonging from a working class family background, often finds a new environment of learning to reward him/her with mental calmness. It is in this context that the findings obtained by Rodriguez rationalize that the school environment as completely different from a working class family. He further asserts that in such a home environment, parents have strong influence on students because of the positive environment, which further increases their chances of academic excellence in their educational career (Rodriguez 597-607). On the other hand, Delbanco in â€Å"College at Risk† provides a distinctive definition of education. Delbanco agrees, â€Å"What those statements have in common—and there is truth in both—is an

Understanding Subsistence Patterns in the Modern World Essay

Understanding Subsistence Patterns in the Modern World - Essay Example Many of these subsistence patterns have been the answer of problems pertaining to survival for societies throughout history. However, these patterns are not just part of history but can be found in today’s world as well and that too not in a dormant state but actively developed and adopted one (Harris, 1996). Out of the many subsistence patterns that are seen in history, Pastoralism is one where people earn their livelihood by herding animals that eat greens. They may vary in species and form around the world but all are tame and eat grass or plants that live in herds. The choice of animals varies according to the regions. In Magnolia and central Asia horses are preferred by most pastoralists. Cattle herding is done in East Africa. Sheep and goats is the choice of the mountainous region pastoralists of Southwest Asia (Harris, 1996). In the more arid lowland areas of Southwest Asia and North and East Africa the camel is used. Pastoralists in Northern Magnolia and Northern Scandinavia herd reindeer. The Dukha people of northern Mongolia, like their other Mongolian counterparts, milk and ride their reindeers whereas the Saami people of northern Scandinavia use the reindeers as their meat source (Harris, 1996). There are essentially two forms of pastoralism- known as nomadism and transhumance. Nomadism is seasonal migration with variance in pattern as the timing and destinations of the migrations are solely dependent on the needs of the herd for fodder and water. Moreover nomads on the basis of their migratory patterns live in tents or easily constructed dwellings and hence don’t possess permanent settlements. Usually they rely on their own means for food and other necessities (Ferraro, 2005). Transhumance pastoralists move from cool highland valleys in summer to warmer lowland valleys in winter thereby forming a cyclical pattern of migration. Unlike the Nomads they

Promotion and Place Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Promotion and Place - Essay Example the new outfit that’s all the rage, a purchase that will satisfy our safety needs by providing adequate clothing as well as our belonging needs by identifying us as belonging to a certain group and our esteem needs by providing us with a symbol of our current status in society. Using this theory, advertisers have learned how to capitalize on these needs to maximize their own sales. Examples of these ideas can best be illustrated by taking a look at two purchases made recently and the motivations for selecting the items and brands that were bought. The purchase of a computer might be considered by some to be a luxury purchase because it does not directly address any of Maslow’s needs. It does not feed us, clothe us, provide us with additional security or indicate we belong to any specific group. However, if I wanted to succeed in school, I needed to have a computer on which to do my homework and to help me study. This first purchase was a major purchase because it required me to spend a great deal of my savings on one item and therefore threatened my ability to meet some of my other needs, for instance, whether I would have enough money left over for groceries for the rest of the semester. That a computer was required for the successful completion of my academic career was, in part, the fulfillment of my safety needs because it will eventually provide me with the degree I need to obtain better employment and a secure future. The decision to buy an Apple computer was based on a series of television commercials that led m e to believe the Apple was a better purchase than a PC. These commercials feature two men representing each type of computer, each demonstrating different ways in which the Apple is better than the PC. By indicating that the Apple is less susceptible to spyware and computer breakdowns, these commercials appealed to my safety needs by indicating that my personal information would remain private and that my work would probably not get lost

Erik Erikson Psychosocial Stages Essay Example for Free

Erik Erikson Psychosocial Stages Essay To summarize this article is basically showing the identity development from a lifespan perspective. This article discusses the different developmental stages from childhood stages until the adulthood stages. In order to better investigate or research these stages they make use of Erik Erikson’s psychological theory to do so. After researchers did the studies they found different patterns of psychosocial balance which were found for each identity style with largely consistent findings. Included in this article are the research findings from empirical studies. It seemed for many individuals identity development is a lifelong process that ranges well past the years of adolescence. Summary of the Theory The person identified with this theory is Erik Erikson. Erikson’s psychosocial theory is composed of eight developmental stages which span throughout the course of life. Each stage presents the individual with a natural task or conflict that they must successfully resolve to proceed with development. He placed a great emphasis on sociocultural factors because he believed these strongly influenced developments. Erikson believed that childhood identification is the foundation for identity formation in adolescence. One of the main elements of Erikson’s psychosocial stage theory is the development of ego identity, (ego identity develop through social interaction). The concept of this theory emphasizes that humans continue to change and develop throughout their lives and that personality is not exclusively formed during the early childhood years. This idea is helpful and optimistic and many believe it is too realistic. According to Erikson our ego identity is constantly changing due to new experiences and our daily interactions with others. This concept was very powerful for self-awareness and improvement, and for teaching and helping others. Erikson’s model of psychosocial development is a very significant, highly regarded and meaningful concept. Life is a series of lessons and challenges which helps us to grow. Erikson’s wonderful theory helps to tell us why. This theory is very helpful for child development and adults too. Erikson believed that his psychosocial principle is genetically inevitable in shaping (mind) and social (relationships). HE also referred to his theory as â€Å"epigenesist† and the â€Å"epigenetic principle,† which signified the concepts relevance to  evolution (past and future) and genetics. Erikson explained his use of the word â€Å"epigenesist† thus â€Å"epi† can mean above in space as before in time, and in connection with genesis can well represent the space- time nature of all development. Like other seminal concepts, Erikson’s model is simple yet very sophisticated. The theory is a basis for broad or complex discussion and the analysis of personality and behavior, and also for understanding and for facilitating personal development- of self and others. Although Erikson’s theory provides useful information, there is some limitations with his theory. For instance his theory does not suit when explaining different types of personality differences that exist among individuals. Such personality differences are listed in the 5 factor model of personality: extraversion, neuroticism, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness. Personality differences can affect the outcome solving psychosocial crisis. Critical Analysis of the Articles Use of the Theory The theory was used to explain the life span of human beings life over the course of childhood to adulthood. The theory was very suitable for this article because it helps to explain human behavior. Those eight stages of the psychosocial theory explain how identity is formed. The theory also clarify that the ego as well as internal and external motives determine individual’s behavior. The theory also helps to explain that role confusion can lead to a very different human experience and it causes the individual to question one’s personality. In the article the theory was used to help individuals understand that identity is a major part of one’s self. However, if an individual does not master in these psychosocial phases, then there is a conflict with one’s identity and interferes with the development of the person. Research shows that identity development continues to be an ongoing process throughout adulthood. The process of forming an identity involves creating a logical sense of self. The theory also helps to understand that childhood experiences are the most intellectual, articulate, and prominent times of a person’s life. I think there’s a relationship between our theory and article because the theory we were assigned focuses on Cycle social. This theory argues that events and stages of society and history are generally repeating themselves in cycles. In our article it discussed Erikson’s Developmental stages and how they were effective from childhood to  adulthood. After reading our article and better understanding Erikson’s theory it all makes sense. Each developmental stage is used in order to allow one to grow with each age. Erikson was keen on improving the way children and young people are taught and nurtured, and it would be appropriate for his ideas to be more widely known and used in day-to-day life, beyond the clinical and counseling professions. I evaluated that this theory ties into my article perfectly because the cycle social theory is basically about the cycle we go through in order to change and grow as humans. The article discussed each psychosocial stage that Erikson came up with while doing his research.

Objectives And Goals Of Central Banks Finance Essay

Objectives And Goals Of Central Banks Finance Essay Every central bank is responsible of implementing a monetary policy which aims at ensuring economic growth, low inflation and currency stability and to do that lowering inflation is the best way for enhancing economic growth and development. So eventually every year central banks with the help of the governments set indicative inflation target and try to maintain it within the target band. In addition central banks need to ensure price stability and regulate the money flow in order to control inflation and this is done by 2 ways: Inject the market with liquidity: By tradition, the Fed uses the produce-money-and-purchase approach (PMP): the Fed produces money in their computers and uses it to buy US Treasuries from the banking system. In exchange for the US Treasuries, the Fed creates money on the account that the selling bank holds at the Fed. The ECB, in contrast, uses the produce-money-and-lend (PML) approach. It produces money and lends it to the banking system for one week or three months. The preferred collateral for these loans to banks is government bonds. As a result of PMP and PML, banks receive new base money. Or Absorb extra funds by issuing treasury bills or central bank bills. So to conclude, a compromise has to be found between decreasing interest rates and encouraging borrowing and increasing inflation. Microeconomic Objectives When a bank finds itself in shortage of liquidity in order to meet fulfill its role, the central bank can lend additional funds to avoid bankruptcy of banks or other institutions deemed systemically important or too big to fail. Central Banks must be impartial in its lending process, thats why Central Banks are independent. Central banks can also require deposit insurance from commercial banks. Some central banks will hold commercial-bank reserves that are based on a ratio of each commercial banks deposits. This is also a way of controlling money supply in the market. The rate at which commercial banks and other lending facilities can borrow short-term funds from the central bank is called the discount rate (which is set by the central bank and provides a base rate for interest rates). It has been argued that, for open market transactions to become more efficient, the discount rate should keep the banks from perpetual borrowing, which would disrupt the markets money supply and the central banks monetary policy. By borrowing too much, the commercial bank will be circulating more money in the system. Use of the discount rate can be restricted by making it unattractive when used repeatedly. A third objective of central banks can also be added. It concerns long-term strategic objectives of financial sector development including the development of an effective payments system and secure the financial markets and transactions. Functions The major functions of central banks are the following: Monetary Policy Implementation and Money Supply Control Bank of Note issue lender of last resort and governments bank interest rate interventions Clearing Agent Banker, agent and adviser to the government banking supervision and regulation The central bank can also be entrusted with other crucial functions like credit control, management of public debts, rediscounting of bills, and custodian of foreign exchangeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Monetary Policy Implementation and Money Supply Control The aim of an effective monetary policy is to create employment in the country, resist undue inflation and achieve a favorable balance of payment. Central banks implement a countrys chosen monetary policy by choosing the type of the currency and by determining the size and rate of growth of the money supply, which in turn affects interest rates. Bank of Note issue Earlier every banks notes lacked uniformity and were different from each others in color, size, value and even market goodwill. Hence the paper currency system was unstable, unreliable, and used to yield to gold and silver currencies. It was then necessary for a single bank to centrally issue currency notes for different reasons: It brings uniformity in the monetary system The central bank can exercise better control over the money supply in the country. ==> it increases public confidence in the monetary system. Monetary management of the paper currency becomes easier. Being the supreme bank of the country, the central bank has full information about the monetary requirements of the economy and, therefore, can change the quantity of currency accordingly. It enables the central bank to exercise control over the creation of credit by the commercial banks. The central bank earns money by issuing currency notes and selling them to the public for interest-bearing assets, such as government bonds. Since currency usually pays no interest, the difference in interest generates income. In most central banking systems, this income is remitted to the government. Granting of monopoly right of note issue to the central bank avoids the political interference in the matter of note issue. Lender of Last Resort The central bank is the lender of last resort in cases of banking insolvency or illiquidity, which means that it is responsible for providing its economy with funds when commercial banks cannot cover a supply shortage. In other words, the central bank prevents the countrys banking system from failing by acting as a bank to commercial banks. By acting this way, central banks: Increases the elasticity and liquidity of the whole credit structure of the economy, Enables the commercial banks to carry on their activities, Provides financial help to the commercial banks in time of emergency, Enables the central bank to exercise its control over banking system of the country. Interest rate Interventions The central bank sets the official interest rate in order to manage both inflation and the countrys exchange rate and to ensure that this rate takes effect via a variety of policy mechanisms. Typically a central bank controls certain types of short-term interest rates. These influence the stock and bond markets as well as mortgage and other interest rates. Clearing agent As the custodian of the cash reserves of the commercial banks, the central bank acts as the clearing house for these banks. Since all banks have their accounts with the central bank, the central bank can easily settle the claims of various banks against each other with least use of cash. The clearing house function of the central bank has the following advantages: It economies the use of cash by banks while settling their claims and counter-claims. It reduces the withdrawals of cash and these enable the commercial banks to create credit on a large scale. It keeps the central bank fully informed about the liquidity position of the commercial banks. Banker, agent and adviser to the governments First As a banker to government, the central bank performs the same functions for the government as a commercial bank performs for its customers. It maintains the accounts of the central as well as state government; it receives deposits from government; it makes short-term advances to the government; it collects cheques and drafts deposited in the government account; it provides foreign exchange resources to the government for repaying external debt or purchasing foreign goods or making other payments; Second as an Agent to the government, the central bank collects taxes and other payments on behalf of the government. It raises loans from the public and thus manages public debt. It also represents the government in the international financial institutions and conferences; and finally As a financial advisor, the central bank gives advice to the government on economic, monetary, financial and fiscal matters such as deficit financing, devaluation, trade policy, foreign exchange policyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Banking Supervision and Regulation In some countries a central bank controls and monitors the banking sector. It examines the banks balance sheets and behavior and policies toward consumers. Apart from refinancing, it also provides banks with services such as transfer of funds, bank notes and coins or foreign currency. The subprime crisis Markets Pre-Crisis Situation Following the 2000 burst in the dotcom bubble, investors lost confidence in the equity markets and concentrated their investments in government bonds, and secure assets. However, this lack of confidence started to turn around at the end of 2003, fueled by: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The rise of real estate prices à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ improving figures of world economy and in particular the U.S. economy à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ the intervention of the Federal Reserve, helping banks by providing liquidity at particularly easy conditions (this liquidity injection by the Federal Reserve did not solve the problem, but only postponed it to blow up again in July 2007 in the form of the subprime crisis) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The short memory of investors To fully understand the origins and the impact of the current crisis on the world economy, it is crucial to understand the subprime loans and their use in the credit derivatives and structured products world. The term subprime lending refers to the practice of making loans to borrowers who do not qualify for market interest rates due to various risk factors, such as income level, size of the down payment made, credit history and employment status. Subprime loans are considered risky for both the borrower and the lender. Its risky for the lender because borrowers usually have lower incomes and a poor record of paying debt which increases their default probability. It is also risky for borrowers. To offset the risk of defaults, lenders will charge high rates of interest to offset the risk. The high interest rates however are strenuous for borrowers which further increases their likelihood of default. Two aspects of the subprime loans could give us a clearer image of the causes of the crisis. First, borrowers not being able to pay the interest rates on their mortgages have used the continuing rise in the value of their real estate to refinance their debt, thus taking on a higher debt. Second , every couple of years the interest rates on the subprime loans is reset in a way to take into account, the moves that have taken into the market. The final piece of the puzzle is the understanding of how these local loans issued by local brokers have made their way into the hands of Wall Street firms. Brokers match prospective borrowers with lenders who further lure borrower with exotic mortgages such as no doc mortgages, which do not require any evidence of income or savings. Bing banks and wholesale lenders buy the debt, repackage them and sell them to investment banks. These investment houses further repackage these loans in mortgage backed securities (MBS) and collateralized debt obligations (CDO). These structured products very often yield high rates of return and are sold to pension funds, hedge funds and institutions. It all started out in the end of 2006 and the beginning of 2007, when the rise of real estate that started in 1997 showed sign of slowing down. Not being able to refinance their debt, subprime borrowers found themselves in default, and faced foreclosure. In March 2007, General Motors announced that earnings plunged 90% during the first 3 months. The reason was due to losses at its mortgage loan subsidiary GMAC. UBS said that it will shut down its Dillon Read Capital Management arm after the hedge fund lost 150 million Swiss Francs on subprime investments. Finally, on June 21st 2007 data was released showing the record number of foreclosure, with biggest increase in the subprime sector. These signs are the start of a crisis that would cost investors, banks and almost all financial institutions enormous losses, thus forcing central banks around the world to intervene in order to maintain the grip on the financial system. Timeline of the subprime crisis: The pre-crisis 2001: Crises of confidence on the American Stock Exchange (Internet bubble, terrorist attacks of September 2009). The Fed lowered interest rates. 2002-2004: Invention of the subprime, low loan rate credit for 2 years, then variable rate based on the market rate: for households that have a high risk of non-repayment. if they cant reimburse it, their properties are seized by the bank. 2002-2004: The low interest rate allows an increase in the real estate purchases, which leads to higher market prices 2004: higher Inflation due to rising in oil prices. 2004-2007: interest rates increased by the Fed. 2006: real estate prices went down 2007: Increase in foreclosures in the United States due to the non-repayment of subprime loans. The crisis of 2008: 8 February 2007: HSBC global investment bank was the first to announce a liquidity problem due to the non-reimbursement of the subprime loans. June 2007: Bear Stearns, the U.S. investment bank, closes two of their investment fund related to real estate market. October 29, 2007: Merrill Lynch, the U.S. investment bank, announced $ 2 billion losses. Few months later other banks (American Bear Sterns, the French Socià ©tà © Gà ©nà ©rale, UBS Switzerlandà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦)will announce identical losses. March 16, 2008: Bear Stearns was saved from bankruptcy by JPMorgan with the help of the U.S. government. 13 July 2008: Henri Paulson announces the refinancing of Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae, the two funds that guarantee mortgages in the United States. 7 September 2008: Refinancing Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac by nationalizing them. September 15, 2008: Bankruptcy, the first of a long list started by Lehmann Brothers. Merrill Lynch was saved by Bank of America. September 16, 2008: AIG the American insurance went bankrupt.it was bought later by the U.S. government. September 26, 2008: Bankruptcy of the first retail bank, Washington Mutual was bought by JPMorgan. September 30, 2008: Dexia went bankrupt; refinanced later by the Belgian and French governments. October 3rd, 2008: American Congress Voted for the Paulson rescue plan to save the financial market. 6 October 2008: The historical fall of the CAC40 and the Dow Jones, this continued throughout the week. October 8, 2008: Major central banks have lowered their interest rates based on a mutual agreement. October 12, 2008: European Union announced a bailout of the financial market. October 15, 2008: The French Parliament voted for a bailout of the banks. Quick remind of the banks losses: Banks Losses % of total losses recapitalization Citigroup 55,1 11,0% 49,1 Merrill Lynch 52,2 10,4% bought by Bank of America UBS 44,2 8,8% 28,4 HSBC 27,4 5,5% 3,9 Wachovia 22,7 4,5% bought by Citigroup Bank of America 21,2 4,2% 20,7 Morgan Stanley 15,7 3,1% 5,6 IKB Deutched 15,1 3,0% 12,4 Washington Mutual 14,8 3,0% bought by JP Morgan Chase Royal Bank of Scotland 14,5 2,9% 23,8 JP.Morgan Chase 14,3 2,9% 9,7 Lehman Brothers 13,8 2,8% Bankrupt Deutsche Bank 10,6 2,1% 6,2 Crà ©dit Suisse 10,5 2,1% 3,0 Wells Fargo 10,0 2,0% 5,8 French banks Crà ©dit Agricole 9,0 1,8% 8,7 Fortis 7,3 1,5% Nationalized Socià ©tà © Gà ©nà ©rale 6,7 1,3% 9,6 Natixis 5,4 1,1% 12,1 BNP Paribas 3,9 0,8% 0 Dexia 1,7 0,3% Source: Bloomberg Nationalized Caisse dà ©pargne 1,2 0,2% 0 Total 501,1 352,9 What the ECB did during the crisis : 2 big phases The first phase of the turbulence During the first phase of the turbulence on the capital markets, which lasted from August 2007 to mid-September 2008 and was characterized by a systemic shortage of liquidity, the ECB has amended the terms of the provision of technical applying liquidity in normal times. It has, at the same time, fully utilizing the flexibility offered by its operational framework for the implementation of monetary policy. First, the Eurosystem has adjusted the distribution of liquidity during the period of reserve in advance by providing liquidity, compared to what it does in normal times. Thus, at the beginning of the maintenance period, ECB systematically allocated volume of liquidity than the usual theoretical reference in its main refinancing operations, while still aiming for balanced liquidity conditions at the end of the maintenance period. In this way, the total supply of liquidity throughout the period remained unchanged. These measures tended to take into account changes in the profile of the liquidity demand made by the banks. Second, the Eurosystem has also provided liquidity to the banking system through procedures open market that had been little or no use before the onset of turbulence. Particularly in response to the increased demand for bank financing in the longer term, the Eurosystem has significantly extended the average maturity of its loans to banks in the euro area. Accordingly, and to leave unchanged the total outstanding refinancing, the amount of liquidity provided through MROs in a week was reduced in corresponding proportions. The second phase of the turbulence In mid-September 2008, however, concerns about credit risk have greatly increased, tensions immediately propagated in the United States in the euro area, and the money market has virtually ceased to function. Therefore, the Eurosystem has intensified its efforts to allow solvent banks to continue their activities. And several additional measures were taken unprecedented in this direction. Thus, in mid-October, the ECB adopted as quite exceptional, a tendering procedure fixed rate full allotment for all main refinancing operations and the weekly refinancing operations more long term, with maturities ranging from one week to six months. This procedure will remain in effect as long as necessary in light of the market situation. It also increased the number and frequency of refinancing longer term by three months each additional refinancing operations, two for a term of three months and a period of six months, and introducing a special-term refinancing operation with a maturity corresponding to the duration of the period of reserve. Meanwhile, the ECB has implemented a new series of exceptional measures to temporarily expand the list of assets eligible as collateral in credit operations by the Eurosystem. Finally, the ECB has increased the supply of dollars in funding to its counterparties in conducting tenders fixed rate, full allotment and maturities from one week to three months, through swap agreements with the Federal Reserve System of the United States. These measures, which reflect the important role of strengthening intermediation taken by the Eurosystem during this turbulent period helped ensure the continued access of solvent banks to liquidity despite the monetary market failure. In addition, they have helped to reduce tensions in some segments of the money market. For example, the difference between the rates of unsecured long-term Euribor rate and index swaps on a daily basis is significantly reduced, even if it remains at a level high, significantly higher than the levels observed prior to September 2008. In practice, these measures imply that banks in the euro area can get as much euro liquidity they wish, through both our weekly operations as our futures, and this by using a wide range of assets as collateral. In total, the balance sheet of the Eurosystem increased by a total of approximately EUR 600 billion since the end of June 2007 until today, an increase in the size of 65%, the assets reflecting the sharp rise in the volume of liquidity provided and liabilities resulting from concomitant use banks to the deposit facility. These measures were effective to address the shortage of liquidity in the interbank market. They cannot, however, remove the heightened concerns regarding credit risk. In this regard, the money market conditions are not yet standardized and remain strongly affected by a high degree of risk aversion. The increase in the intermediation role of the Eurosystem has proved a necessary measure to cope with the current money market malfunction, but it can, and should, be considered as a temporary measure. The Eurosystem would naturally resume interbank lending and traditional intermediation activity of banks. The recent decision of the ECB to reduce the corridor of standing facility rates to 200 basis points around the interest rate on the main refinancing operations aims to stimulate interbank activity. That s why we observe, in this context, a reduction in the demand for bank refinancing operations during our open market and a corresponding decrease in the use of the deposit facility. We see a parallel increase in the volumes underlying the calculation of the EONIA. What the fed did during the crisis : 5 big phases Phase 1: 2007 / mid-March 2008 | From late spring, the Fed began to note that the growth in the U.S.is slowing down and targets need to be lowered. However, the inflation and underlying inflation are going up. The Fed believes that with this rate of inflation the Fed Funds rate should stay at 5.25%. But in August 2007, the subprime crisis and tensions within the bank market appeared. On 10 August 2007, the Fed announced the first corrective measures to the problems, by injecting liquidity into the market via refinancing operations. The liquidity crisis remains stable, and the Fed lowers the penalty on the discount rate. on August 17, Penalty decreased from 100 bp to 50 bp. The Fed lost any hope of a possible economic growth so they lowered their key lending rate despite a strong inflation. The rate reaches the 3% after his 5.25% in only 6 months which is one of the fastest decline the USA ever had. At the same time, the Fed put in place specific measures to facilitate access to liquidity for U.S. and international banks. Refinancing operations are going up. Then the Fed launches in December 12th the Term Auction Credit Facility (TAF). It consists in lending $ 60 billion within 28 days by accepting as collateral a large range of assets at a lower rate (discount rate). Line Swaps had been implemented with European banks. Nevertheless, the crisis has continued to expand, hitting after the interbank market, the Mortgage Backed Securities (MBS) guaranteed by Government Sponsored Enterprise (GSE, primarily Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac), and the credit and equity markets. From March 2008, the Fed further increases its liquidity loans with the creation of the Term Repurchase Transaction ($ 80 billion) and the TAF increased from $ 60 billion to $ 100 billion. Then they created the Term Securities Lending Facility (TSLF) which can lend up to $ 200 billion. In 14 of March, the Fed saved the Bear Stearns bank which was one of the best news since the beginning of the crisis. Its the first time that the Fed intervenes directly on the market, since 1929 and rescues a bank on behalf of the Too big to fail. Disturbances become wider for that time, so the Fed decided to gives access to a last resort facility to the investment banks that remain. In addition, the penalty discount rate is reduced to 25 basis points against 100 bp before the crisis. Finally, the Fed decides to lower its key lending rate, from 3% to 2.25% in March and 2% in May. Then follows minor adjustments to the lending facilities (TAF increased to $ 150 billion, with an extend in the loans maturity, larger swap lines with other central banks). The Fed believes that the financial situation has stabilized and that the U.S. economy does not need more monetary stimulus. The rate is stable until September. we should notice that the money lent by the Fed do not inflate the monetary base: they sell bonds to finance its loans. Phase 2: September 2008 / February 2009 In September 2008, the market turmoil began with the announcement of the tutelage of Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae on September 7. Between Monday 8 and Friday 12, a lot of rumors alarmed the financial markets about financial stocks and a fall in prices. Sunday 14 September 2008, the announcement of the Lehman bankruptcy, but also the acquisition of Merrill Lynch by Bank of America and the profound difficulties of AIG and Washington Mutual, will be the trigger of one of the most tempestuous financial crisis. The Fed will react very quickly to ensure market stability and mitigate systemic risks. Then, to counteract deflationary pressures, it prepares the transition to an unconventional monetary policy. Without going into the details of all measures taken between September and December 2008, the Fed will support Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, to participate in the rescue of financial institutions significantly expand the scope of collateral accepted for loans, buy directly from financial assets (MBS, GSE debt, short-term debt) and lower at lower interest rates. The risks to the global economy is now cataclysmic Fed with the ECB, SNB, Bank of Canada and the Riksbank (Sweden) undertake the first rate cut concerted history (-50 bp), the October 8, 2008. The U.S. rate is brought to the lowest in December (band 0% / 0.25%). Remember that this phase is that the Fed reduces interest rates to a minimum and that the liquidity injected quickly becomes unsterilized. Is to do quantitative easing without saying. From September 2008, the liquidity injected exceeds the amount of Treasuries (debt U.S. State) remaining on the balance sheet of the Fed. At first, the U.S. Treasury this imbalance, but the beginning of October, the dam broke. The Fed then engages in a policy of balance sheet expansion unsterilized, with an increase in the monetary base (reserve money). It passes 900 billion to $ 1 $ 800 billion between September 2008 and March 2009. Phase 3: March 2009 / July 2010 | 1 quantitative easing QE 1 From early 2009, the Fed began to wonder how to stimulate the economy with rates at 0%? In a speech on 13 January 2009, the Bernanke Doctrine is exposed. It is anchored rate expectations at low levels, changes in the composition of assets held by the central bank to increase the size of the balance sheet of the central bank (quantitativism). At the FOMC March 18, 2009, the central bank crossed the Rubicon and one announces quantitative easing targets for unsterilized purchases of debt: debt GSE ($ 200 billion), MBS ($ 750 billion) and debt (300 billion $). The program runs until the end of 2009. In addition, the Fed introduced the famous sentence The Committee will Maintain the ranks for the target federal funds rate at 0 to 1/4 percent and anticipates economic terms That are Likely to warrant exceptionally low levels of the federal funds rate for year extended period . It is committed over a long period (years) to keep rates low. Until late 2009, the U.S. economy out of the recession, there will be more movement towards monetary policy. Speech on growth becomes increasingly positive. The amount of purchased debt agency will even reduced to $ 175 billion. From the spring, the FOMC no longer evokes purchases in its communiquà ©s. It should be noted that liquidity injections become less important, quantitative easing 1 (EQ 1) resulting in an excess supply of liquidity growing. Loan facilities are largely removed. Phase 4: August 2010 / August 2011 | First fear of double dip QE 1.2 and QE 2 The Fed noted that the growth was not as strong as expected, that the labor market remains very poor and that underlying inflation plunges more. She decided in August not to allow its balance sheet to deflate some debt maturing (ie destruction of money injected). She reinvested the money recovered in U.S. government bonds so that the long-term balance sheet size remains unchanged. There is no additional injection, just a re-investment (EQ 1.2). Continuing economic deterioration (rising unemployment, inflation at its lowest for 50 years), the Fed launches quantitative easing 2 (QE2). She decided in November 2010 to buy $ 600 billion of debt] b (from November 2010 to mid-2011) and continue to reinvest. The balance begins to swell until June 2011. FOMC releases are progressively more positive, even if economic activity is considered at best a phase of moderate recovery. Then, from the late spring, it deteriorates again. Following the August 2011 FOMC, the Fed announced that it will keep the Fed Funds rate unchanged until mid-2013 (at least 2 years). The idea is to anchor expectations on Fed Funds, thus lowering the rate to maturity longer. Phase 5: September 2011 / | The twist, QE 2.2 Fear of double dip continues to strengthen. At the end of September 2011 FOMC, the Fed announces a twist. It extends the maturity of its holdings of U.S. government bonds. This operation twist is to sell the bonds in the short term (less than 3 years) to buy long-term loans (between 6 and 30 years). The Fed will twister for $ 400 billion. This was already implemented in the 60s (1961-1963). The Fed will now reinvest the money recovered on refunds of MBS and agency debt and MBS in more in bonds to support the mortgage market in the USA. The idea is to lower interest rates in the long term, short-term ones are already almost at its lowest. These two transactions will not generate inflation balance as purchases will be offset by sales or repayments (no printing money, no QE3 but QE 2.2). Comparison  : ECB vs FED Similarities: The European System of Central Banks and the US Federal Reserve are the two biggest and most active central banks. Although they present many apparent differences, they still have several similarities: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ They are independent from any direct political authority and hence are protected from political interferences. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ They have decentralized structures: a system of national/regional banks coordinating with a central entity, i.e. the Board of Governors. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ They modify the interest rate structure by targeting short-term money-market rates, specially the Marginal Lending Rate in the EU or the discount window in the US and the inter-bank rates (Federal Funds rate in the US). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ They use the basic monetary policy tools to achieve their objectives: reserve requirements, discount window lending and open-market operations. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ They share the s